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Bayesian methods (so called after the English mathematician Thomas Bayes) provide alternatives that allow one to combine prior information about a population parameter with information contained in a sample to guide the statistical inference process.
There is emerging evidence that recurrent neoplasia, as a result of clonal evolution, is often distinct genetically from the disease at diagnosis, and we cannot expect treatment decisions to be made upon the initial diagnostic sample to guide effective therapy throughout the course of the disease.
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Persistent cervicofacial masses require tissue sampling to guide treatment.
As the data about resistant mechanisms have been accumulated, the procurement of resistant samples to guide following treatments is becoming more important.
As some examples, clinicians can obtain gene expression profiles of breast cancer samples to guide management [ 9], genotypes of HIV samples to identify the optimal antiretroviral regimen [ 10], and genetic profiles of patients' cytochrome P450 drug metabolizing system to guide the selection and dosing of pharmacotherapies [ 11].
Mentors are given sample scripts to guide them in their e-mails, and they have assignments, such as describing their own hopes and dreams for the students.
No probe is used to illuminate the sample, nor to guide or scatter the local evanescent waves.
While formal power based calculations are not be necessary for a pilot trial, sample estimates to guide recruitment to this study were based on existing data, using objective sleep disturbance as the primary outcome measure.
We used a purposive sampling strategy to guide enrollment, which sought to identify "information-rich" cases: individuals having knowledge and experience with our topics of interest.
These findings will be taken as a step for designing a future project that involves evaluating parental preferences with regard to indomethacin therapy in ELBW infants in a large representative sample to help guide the practice of neonatal practitioners.
Millions of available sequence reads provide an unprecedented sampling depth able to guide the design and construction of effective, high quality naïve libraries containing tens of billions of unique molecules.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com