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For example, at the WWTP, when evaluating a compound that is present in 50 pusing·d−1 using a sampling frequency of 15-min to collect a 24-h composite sample, the attenuation uncertainty can range from 94% (0% degradability) to 9%90%0% degradability).
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Although both the attenuation coefficient as well as the fractal dimension correlate very well with the anatomical features of the probed samples; the attenuation method provides a better sensitivity.
However, the effects of the sampling strategies (frequency and duration of composite samples) on the attenuation estimates are largely unknown.
In this work, it was found that at increased thicknesses of the concrete samples, the linear attenuation, mass attenuation coefficient, half value layer and tenth value layer of the concrete improved.
While the wave travels in the sample, attenuation occurs along the path of the wave before and after it is backscattered.
In comparison to dual-energy CT used in clinical practice, recently developed energy-sensitive photon-counting detectors sample the material-specific attenuation curves at multiple energy levels and within narrow energy bands; the latter allows the detection of element-specific, k-edge discontinuities of the photo-electric cross section.
We then calculated the light scattering via eq 1 1where l is the sample depth, α is the attenuation coefficient, ρ m is the protein monomer number density, σ m is the physical cross section of a protein monomer, L is the sheet length, N L) is the number of sheets of length L, and Q(L) is the scattering efficiency factor.
The test structures were fabricated on the bare MgO substrate (reference sample or 'Ref') and the multilayer (test sample or 'Test') to determine the attenuation and phase constants with and without the film test samples, which were used to compare the propagation characteristics between the reference and test samples.
Our goal was to assess how frequency and duration of composite samples influence uncertainty of the attenuation estimates in WWTPs and rivers.
An estimation of vBMD of each of the samples was obtained comparing the attenuation coefficients of the phantoms and bone.
In experimental datasets, the known region can be for example regions where the sample contains air, for which the attenuation coefficient is known to be zero.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com