McLaren's report released on Friday said that Russians who won 15 medals in Sochi had their drug-testing samples tampered with, including two athletes who won four gold medals.
In college sports, however, athletes are sometimes given as much as a day's notice of a drug test, leaving the process open for abuse — skipping a test, diluting a sample or tampering in other ways — according to coaches, athletes, collectors and trainers.
Lawyers for Major League Baseball argued there was no evidence that Braun's sealed sample was tampered with before it reached a Montreal laboratory.
Even though Ryan Braun compellingly and compassionately exclaimed, "I would bet my life that the substance never entered my body at any point," it also requires some suspension of belief to embrace the position that the collection sample was tampered with.
Male DNA was found in the urine samples of two Russian women's ice hockey players, a sign that those samples were tampered with.
McLaren also revealed that at those Winter Games in Sochi: 12 Russian medallists were found to have had scratches and marks on the inside of the caps of their B sample bottles, indicating tampering.
Still, Henson said, Landis is not making any claims that his urine samples were tampered with at the French national antidoping lab, where the tests were done.
The International Olympic Committee has begun disciplinary proceedings against 28 Russian athletes who competed at the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi, Russia, acting on evidence that their urine samples were tampered with, and making it all but certain that Russia will lose its first-place standing in the medals table from those Games.
The report alleges the "institutional conspiracy" included more than 1,000 athletes in more than 30 sports, and led to an IOC investigation to re-examine athletes' samples andthe containers that held those samples for evidence of tampering.
Adding bleach to nullify sample will change the pH and flag the sample as being tampered and you will fail.
