The National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit at the University of Worcester has been analysing samples of pollen in urban and rural hives and has found more diversity in the former because urban bees are able to visit a much wider range of flowers.
In this study, we compare the transition into (ca. 9000 7000 yr ago) and out of (ca. 5000 2500 yr ago) the mid-Holocene (MH) period at Kimble Pond and Sharkey Lake, located along the prairie forest ecotone in south-central Minnesota, using high resolution (∼ 5 36 yr) sampling of pollen, charcoal, sediment magnetic and loss-on-ignition properties.
Samples of pollen, wax, and adult bees, and detailed colony measurements were taken each time these colonies were moved to a new crop.
In a second study to investigate pesticides exposure to honey bee colonies engaged in apple pollination, samples of pollen, wax and bees were collected from 47 colonies in 2007 and 2008.
We applied metabarcoding, targeting the ITS2, matK, and rbcL loci, to characterize six samples of pollen collected by honey bees, Apis mellifera.
Here, we present an improvement in pollen metabarcoding by targeting the plastid loci matK and rbcL, in addition to the ribosomal ITS2 locus, to characterize polyfloral samples of pollen collected by honey bees.
We used previously validated primers specific for the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) in the plant ribosomal sequence (Chen et al., 2010) and performed amplicon sequencing on DNA isolated from four samples of pollen collected by honey bees over a two-week period in spring 2013.
Pollen viability was estimated by staining a sample of 1,583 pollen grains with 1% blue aniline in lactophenol [ 13] and the percentage of viable stained grains was recorded.
Three different extracts of the studied sample of Greek pollen, have been tested, in whether could induce proteasome activities in human fibroblasts.
However, in this Thai sample of bee pollen, we found a different derivative (7- O-R-apigenin), which is reported for the first time in bee pollen.
