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Since Rasch model conformity of both forms of the DESC could be confirmed in the present sample, norm values were determined applying the routine outlined above.
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For this sample norms are provided for two age ranges (5 10 years and 11 15 years).
Nevertheless, we empirically compared and found the present study's GSI estimates (mean scores) to be higher compared to previous non-clinical sample norms among adolescents and students that have been published in the US 0.31 to 0.76 [ 23], New Zealand 0.88 [ 48], Spain 0.50 [ 49].
Unfortunately, we had no comparison with another related sample or norm groups.
To address this issue, we searched GEO for datasets containing enough samples from norm human tissues.
Unfortunately, there are no large Chinese elderly sample based norms available for the cognitive tests used in current study.
Lastly, as mentioned in the Methods section, aMCI patients were not able to further classify into single- or multi-domains due to large sample based norms unavailable.
Data was normalized using miRNA-193b as this was identified as the most stably expressed miRNA across all samples by Norm Finder [ 24].
A large sample of norm-reference was studied and the raw scores were transformed into percentiles provided in the manual [ 10].
A series of t-tests contrasted the Spanish sample with norms on the nine variables in the study (three dimensions, and six sub-scales), using a criterion of α = .0056 as a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.
The norms provided by Meltzer et al. [ 94] were selected as these were based on a large British general population sample with norms available for parents (N = 10,298) and teachers (N = 8208) and for self-ratings for older children (N = 4228).
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