One explanation for the electrochemical areas of the NiCo samples being underestimated is that in addition to the NiCo films generally being rougher than the Ni films, they display a distinct morphology (Fig. 1c).
However, what is important is that even if the number of positive samples was underestimated, 17.4% were still a relatively high number of samples to contain potential pathogenic intracellular bacteria.
Nevertheless, even if PCR results for Mozambican samples were underestimated, this would mean that the sensitivity of histological assessment for this population would even be lower, and more discrepant than those obtained for the Portuguese samples.
This means that the estimate of the regression of follow-up health on baseline predictor controlled for baseline health on average over the 500 samples was underestimated and that only 67% of the 500 samples had a 95% C.I. containing the true population value of bpred = .10.10
BMI values based on self-reported determinations of height and weight in population samples are underestimating the true prevalence of the obesity epidemic and this underestimation is increasing with time.
This overestimation of the genetic effect may cause replication studies to fail because the necessary sample size is underestimated.
Wide geographic sampling is crucial [ 30], because: a) some species may not occur in all parts of the host range, and b) if intraspecific genetic variation is underestimated by sampling few sites, it may be harder to identify the molecular 'barcoding gap' (or appropriate clades in phylogeny-based methods) between species [ 31, 32].
We found evidence that the observed association between maternal anxiety during late pregnancy and the rate of positive interactions is underestimated in the sample as a whole, and we cannot exclude the possibility that other factors associated with parenting behaviour may have been obscured by the study design, or simply missed due to the moderate sample size.
It is noted that among the resected HCC tissue samples from these 10 patients, the MAGE-1 or -3 mRNA was positive in 6 samples, while negative in another four samples, hence the positive rate of MAGE-1 or -3 mRNA in PBMC samples among α-FP negative patients is underestimated.
If Turkish immigrants naturalise less frequently, the true effect is underestimated in the estimation sample.
