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Each HRRP sample is normalized by L2 normalization algorithm to avoid the amplitude-scale sensitivity.
where the isotopic ratio (R = 18O/16O or 34S/32S) of the sample is normalized to the isotopic ratio of the international standard for Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) or Vienna Canyon Diablo Troilite (VCDT), respectively.
Figure 2b shows an example of the optical intensity emitted from an intensity modulator where the peak value of the electrical sample is normalized to have a value of unity.
Finally, each sample is normalized to have mean 0 and variance 1.
Gene expression for each sample is normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH ).
Gene expression for each sample is normalized to the expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH ).
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Each sample was normalized to concomitantly measured 18S rRNA values.
Quantitation of each miRNA level in each sample was normalized to U6 expression.
Zip4 mRNA product in each sample was normalized to that of the GAPDH mRNA.
Amplicon expression in each sample was normalized to its 18S rRNA content.
Each sample was normalized for cDNA conversion efficiency using the external "alien control".
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