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To increase the power to detect association, the larger sample was used as a discovery sample and the smaller sample was used as an independent sample for replication.
The polygenic architecture of gF and gC was previously confirmed using the Cognitive Aging Genetics in England and Scotland (CAGES) cohort as the discovery sample and the Norwegian Cognitive NeuroGenetics (NCNG) adult lifespan sample for replication (Davies et al. 2011).
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We used 161 independently collected samples for replication.
We selected 10% of the samples for replication, and the results were 100% concordant.
This limitation has resulted in small sample size of discovery stage and a difficulty of collecting samples for replication analysis.
Four anonymous genomic DNA samples for replication sequencing were provided by the Estonian Genome Center of the University of Tartu EGCC).
It is crucial, therefore, to follow up any positive signals of association with genotyping in independent samples for replication.
Thus, the actual required sample size for replication is even larger than the one estimated based on the effect size reported in the initial discovery study.
The final sample size for replication was 2235 cases (1528 Sporadic, 707 Familial) and 796 controls, all from the NINDS Repository.
p-Values close to 0 · 05 might require very large sample sizes for replication and can have spuriously inflated effect sizes (Colquhoun, 2014).
The detrimental effects of the winner's curse, including overestimation of the genetic effects of associated variants and underestimation of sufficient sample sizes for replication studies are well-recognized in genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
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