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It may be knowable, by comparing the sample for key characteristics (age, gender, etc).
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We used a two-pronged approach to quantify and characterize fertility in male dog: morphological and physiological aspects of male dog sperm cells were investigated, as well as genomic variations among samples for key fertility genes.
A doping attitudes questionnaire was developed and combined with a response latency-based implicit association test and hair sample analysis for key doping substances in 14 athletes selected from a larger sample (N = 82) to form contrast comparison groups.
A small representative sample of quotations for key themes is presented below.
We also determined effective sample size (ESS) for key hyperparameters (Kass et al. 1998).
This information was used to assess pending taxonomic issues, to guide evolutionary studies, and to sample the genus for key mechanisms generating genetic variability.
Using logistic regression to calculate propensity scores enabled us to correct sample selection bias for key confounders of age, sex and number of chronic diseases.
To assess the level of concern arising from the metal concentrations, THQ values were calculated using the measured metal concentration in the intact samples for seven key potentially toxic metal ions for the three beverages and the ultra-filtered red wine.
Finally, while our data are not representative of the entire state of Texas, we have large samples for a key population of interest – students in a large, diverse urban school district with traditionally low college enrollment and a large number of low-income and minority students.
We used purposive sampling for the key informant interviews and convenience sampling for the other methods [ 17].
After excluding samples with missing values for key variables, the analytical sample for this study consists of 14,698 individuals.2.2
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