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These studies lend support to the use of a single sample for exposure assessment.
All of the above studies failed to account for the high variability in BPA exposure across pregnancy, using a single spot urine sample for exposure assessment, and the heterogeneous etiologies of preterm birth (IOM 2006; McElrath et al. 2008).
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Although third-trimester O3 exposure was positively associated with LBW, we did not observe any significant association between any of the measured pollutants and LBW in our sample for exposures averaged over the entire pregnancy or for exposures during the first and second trimesters.
Michigan PBB cohort enrollment data, along with blood samples for exposure biomonitoring that included PBB and PCB, were collected from 1976 1987 by the MDCH.
A major strength is that a population-based birth cohort was followed for > 7 years, and samples for exposure assessment and vaccine antibody assessments were collected at several time points.
Although it is still uncertain if Pb is truly a cause of end-stage renal disease, this first low-level study using prospectively collected samples for exposure assessment shows associations that give reasons for concern.
For the latter, our findings might serve as a basis for setting such fixed upper and lower CIs of exposure, in particular, for epidemiologic studies where recruitment of participants has been completed and multiple sampling for exposure assessment is no longer possible.
Ashley Graham (No. 10; $5.5 million) built her own audience instead of relying on editorial shoots that rarely feature models beyond sample size for exposure.
Although a larger sample for the exposure study population was expected, achieving this objective was difficult for many reasons.
The most frequently used sample for methylmercury exposure assessment is scalp hair, especially in field studies (Grandjean et al. 2002).
Also, we analyzed the association between the chemicals in maternal and fetal tissues to know which tissue is the best sample for fetal exposure assessment.
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