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The optimum sample confinement occurs at a sheath flow to sample flow ratio of 5 1.
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The trend demonstrates that the highest SERS intensity is observed at a sheath flow to sample flow rate ratio near 5 1.
The main variables that influence countercurrent extraction efficiency have been studied, such as sample flow rate, solvent flow rate (that is solvent-to-feed ratio) and level of sample introduction into the extraction column.
The experiment was modeled with a constant sample flow rate of 1 μL/min, while increasing the sheath flow to sample flow rate ratio from 1 1 to 2 1, 5 1, 10 1, 20 1, and 30:1, respectively.
Sample flow rate was 1 mL/min.
The total flow rate of each phase was determined according to the flow rate of sample flow and the extraction ratio.
In particular, the SiN x samples deposited at a gas flow ratio (R = NH3/SiH4) of 2.07 (or higher) are close to stoichiometric, whereas samples deposited using lower R values are silicon rich, being characterized by excess of Si ranging from 50 to 20 at.% in this study.
In dependence of the sample position and the reactive gas flow ratio coatings with various phases were grown: i) coatings with a high Cr/(Cr + Zr) concentration ratio (i.e. grown at the Cr-rich side of the target) exhibited a single-phase solid solution corundum structure with up to 1.9 at.% nitrogen incorporation, (Cr,Zr)2(O,N)3.
The flow ratios of sheath velocity versus sample flow velocity were in the range from 0 to 20.
All standards and samples were injected in the split mode (split/column flow ratio 60 1).
When the ratio of the sheath flow velocity to the sample flow velocity increased, the required side flow velocity to separate the specific particle size also increased.
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