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A non-representative sample can lead to under- or overestimation.
The mechanical interaction of the AFM stylus with a sample can lead to dominance in the resulting images of features that have increased stiffness.
This allelic dropout can result from various reasons: DNA degradation in the sample can lead to allelic dropout, typically of the alleles with a longer product size.
Secondly, it is well known that preferential amplification/cloning of methylated or unmethylated DNA molecules from the starting sample can lead to a bias toward higher or lower methylation levels (46).
CART analysis is limited in that it can be unstable; that is, a small change in the input variables or a fresh data sample can lead to construction of a very different classification tree.
For example, since most commercially available ELISA kits using horse radish-peroxidise (HRP) or alkaline phosphatase (AP) based detection, each specific antibody is required to have its own well and sample aliquot, which when assaying small volumes of sample can lead to increased well to well variability.
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One major drawback associated with over-sampling is that learning on duplicated samples can lead to overfitting [ 14].
Dr. Scott cited several studies that show that the lunches — plus small gifts like pens and sticky notepads, along with drug samples — can lead doctors to prescribe the more expensive brand names when cheaper generic drugs would be as effective.
Applying these formulas to TEDS-M data, which originate from cluster samples, can lead, in many instances, to underestimation of the sampling error (and consequently underestimated p-values).
Depth heterogeneity in samples can lead to misinterpretation of synchrotron X-ray microprobe results unless care is taken to account for the influence of heterogeneity on fluorescence data.
When sampling rate is an integral multiple of the faulted phase current frequency of shunt reactors under permanent faults, an abrupt increase of currents even harmonics which is caused by spectral leakage of the DFT algorithm under non-synchronous sampling can lead to identify transient faults and three-phase reclosing.
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