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Instrumentation where phase changes in a sample are induced by absorption of single-wavelength excitation light and measured with phase sensitive (PhS) OCT [ 20– 23] are known as Photothermal OCT [ 24– 27].
Optical pathlength changes (op = φλ/(4π)) in the sample are induced by light absorption of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin in blood, where φ is measured phase change at a specific depth and λ = 1328 nm is central wavelength of the DWP-OCT system.
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According to Segal and colleagues [ 13], a gene in each sample is induced when its expression is two times higher than the average expression in all samples, and is repressed when its expression is two times lower than the same average.
Generally, when the excitations of the samples are induced by one tunneling electron, the energy of emitted photons is considered to be less than e Vbias.
Thus, the TA-MSN-carboxylate-CP samples were induced cell apoptosis through the caspase-3 dependent pathway.
The sonodegradation of biodiesel samples was induced by means of an ultrasonic homogenizer fitted with an immersible horn at 480 Watts of power and 20 duty cycles.
We found that IL-17, which was undetectable in HC samples, was induced in a subset of diffuse SSc patients, consistent with local Th17 polarisation.
The samples were induced with a SIRM using a field of 1 T, followed by a TRM in a field of 60 µT on cooling from 650°C.
Methacholine PC20 was measured 24 h before and 24 h after allergen challenges, and sputum samples were induced at 24 h before, and again at 7 and 24 h after allergen challenges.
At 3 h (OD600 ~ 0.6), half of the samples were induced with IPTG (1 mM final concentration) and optical density measurements continued at 1 h intervals up to 8 h.
Next, we measured the extent to which the expression of G changed by approximately 2-fold in samples I (or R); pi s and pr s denote the fraction of genes in sample (S) that are induced or repressed, respectively.
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