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Evenness (J′) was also calculated using Pielou's evenness index, (J′ = H′/(ln S)), where H′ is the Shannon diversity index derived for each sample, and S represents the number of observed OTUs.
The k-value is defined as: where S i is the standard deviation of the laboratory's measurements over one sample, and S r is the estimated repeatability standard deviation.
Percentage inhibition of AChE was determined by comparison of rates of reaction of samples relative to blank sample (ethanol in phosphate buffer pH = 8) using the formula (E − S / E × 100, where E is the activity of enzyme without test sample and S is the activity of enzyme with test sample.
The fraction of accessible polyglucan residues (x) after a given pretreatment at temperature T is given by x(T) = A/ S, where A is the concentration of accessible α-amylase substrate in a sample and S is the total starch concentration.
Normalized Ct values were calculated using the formula Ct + (Nt' − Ct') × S/ S', where Nt' is the mean Ct for ovotransferrin among all samples, Ct' is the mean Ct for ovotransferrin in the sample and S and S' are the slopes of the regressions of the standard plots for the test TNFSF13B and ovotransferrin, respectively.
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In trials in which the S+ was replaced by a mask, participants more frequently chose the mask instead of the words, thus demonstrating a learned relationship between the sample and S- (i.e., reject control).
The distance between two samples s i and s j is computed as 1 − mod(Cor(s i, s j )), which represents the dissimilarity between those two samples.
The CV of the temporal estimator was presented in Pollak (1983): (7) where t is the time number of generations betweens samples and S is the sample size.
Discretize I (quantization) and s (sampling).
For example, sample H4 only incorrectly assigned to samples E9 and S, whereas sample E5 was assigned incorrectly to all but two of the samples.
Vibration of the tray position settles down after ~0.6 s without the sample and after ~0.4 s with the sample.
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