The simulation analyses were based on sample sizes corresponding to our reduced sample and assuming items with psychometric characteristics that were the same as those included in PISA 2006.
We estimated detection sensitivity for bacterial populations using the data size per sample and assuming a genome size of ∼3 Mbp.
This uses the measured transmittance of the sample and assumes that the absorption of the plant material can be approximated as water (i.e., using σ and ρ for water).
With this sample and assuming a power of 80%, a two-sided 5% significance level and an ultrasound exposure frequency of 50%, we estimated that we should be able to detect an odds ratio (OR) of at least 1.4 for all CBT.
For studies with environmental measures, we focused on pesticide levels in residential dust (including bulk dust and surface wipe samples) and assumed they would be representative of women's exposures, although they would be applicable to all household members.
We then treated the statistics from all 2,000 results as if they were the real sample space and assumed that the parameters of the real unknown sample space were comparable.
Thus, the association between mean sample IQ and assumed year of data collection was examined.
For each SNP, we separately computed the non-centrality χ2 parameter (NCP) in the first and second phase as a function of risk allele frequency, case-control sample size, and assumed effect size (genotype relative risk, GRR) (Text S1).
In both cases, sample sizes took into account the different sampling methods and assumed a response rate of 80%.
In contrast, using the Yoruba and San samples and assuming two-way admixture, Loh et al.25 inferred that the Mbuti Pygmy sample showed evidence of admixture ~ 28 generations ago with ~15.9% Yoruba-related ancestry and that the Biaka Pygmy sample showed evidence of admixture ~ 38 generations ago with ~28.8% Yoruba-related ancestry.
