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Our results are conservative in the sense that they give an upper bound for the probability that an infected traveler manages to initiate an epidemic, compared to an offspring distribution with a greater variance but the same reproduction number [14].
In these instances, even with the same reproduction numbers for each strain, seasonal vaccination gave the pandemic strain a competitive advantage.
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The great draftsmen who were on the edges of Impressionism (such as Toulouse-Lautrec) had much influence on caricature and cartoon; while the same photomechanical reproduction that advanced the latter communicated modern painting to a vast public.
In the same way, reproduction and survival do not reflect a value of evolution.
Wetland plants retain the same sexual reproduction strategies of upland plants, with aerial flowers that are mostly insect or wind pollinated.
The Roneo spirit duplicators with which Jeremy Hardy started this train of thought were a different approach to the same cheap reproduction problem.
At the same time, reproduction is a highly costly feature in any organism (Harshman and Zera 2007; Roff 1992; Williams 1966) and could therefore place important constraints on brain development and evolution (Isler and van Schaik 2009).
For simplicity it is assumed that both the seasonal and pandemic strains have the same basic reproduction number, consistent with estimates of R for both seasonal [ 24] and pandemic influenza [ 25].
Even though both populations can be found in the water column at the same time, reproduction between them is limited, as evidenced by high FST values (0.286) [ 30], which are consistent with the presence of cryptic species [ 35].
But international travelers of all nationalities, whether traveling here or abroad, are the prime customers, willing to pay a premium for a same-day reproduction of the newspaper they depend on.
(If you didn't know it already, because the last time you picked up a paintbrush you realised that the talent you had at school had evaporated, along with your could-have-been-a-professional football/netball/bullying skills...) The good news, I suppose, is that so many people are no longer content with the same old reproductions.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com