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A detailed case study of a salinity survey using electromagnetic induction (EM) and four-electrode sensor data is then presented.
These findings have important implications for salinity survey methods on flat irrigated terrain: CMv seems to be a more reliable predictor than environmental proxy factors, even if the latter are easier to determine.
In this paper, the SGD occurring at Kinvara Bay, the outlet of a lowland karst catchment in Western Ireland, is estimated using a hydrological model of the karst aquifer and then further verified by means of a relatively simple salinity survey.
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Complementary ERT data revealed local heterogeneity in the subsurface resistivity, largely related to variability in the depth to salinity along the survey line.
During the survey, salinity and water temperature were measured on site using a conductivity meter (Condo 3210, WTW Inc., Weilheim, Germany), and the types of habitats and habits were recorded.
A series of field surveys for salinity in the dry season of 2006, 2008, and 2009 were used to examine and validate the method.
Subsequently, we propose a novel approach – temporal analysis of covariance (t-ANOCOVA) modeling – that results in accurate spatiotemporal salinity estimations using ECa surveys with a significant reduction in the number of soil samples needed for calibration of ECa to ECe.
Section 2 describes the materials and methodologies used, including information about the study site, the salinity monitoring method, and the diet survey.
It seems highly likely that such rainfall, even though we could not determine the salinity levels by a regular survey, would have had a large environmental impact via a large amount of fresh water flowing into the aquaculture ground from nearby rivers because of its location near an estuary.
In every survey, we measured salinity with a YSI-85 meter and quantified the abundance of piscivores with longlines holding 50 hooks baited with P. vivipara and two other species of livebearing fishes commonly found in the area (Jenynsia multidentata and Phalloptychus januarius).
A brief discussion of the results follows in Sect. 4. This section describes basic information of the study site, procedure of data collection regarding salinity level monitoring and household diet survey, and time series clustering for processing and visualizing the obtained salinity data.
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