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Disadvantages - Risk of injury to hypogastric nerves and median sacral vessels.
However, there is a risk of injury to the hypogastric nerves, and median sacral vessels, if the tumor extends into the upper pelvis, with subsequent difficulty in exposing the cranial side of the tumor.
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The gluteal perforator-based flap is designed according to the localisation of sacral perforator vessels.
However, percutaneous SIJS fixation might encounter difficulty in placing the screws, and may risk damage to the sacral nerves, caudaequina and adjacent blood vessels [ 11, 12, 29].
To demonstrate the laparoscopic approach to malformed branches of the vessels entrapping the nerves of the sacral plexus.
The blood vessels of the second or third sacral nerve root were identified using a specially designed surgical microscope equipped with a video camera.
The important structures to notice and avoid when performing a bone procedure are the iliac vessels and femoral nerve, the lumbosacral trunk, the sacral nerves and all the pelvic visceral structures (Fig. 3).
The meninges within the brain and all spinal cord sections except those from the sacral spinal cord had stasis of heterophils within the blood vessels and perivascular infiltration of mild numbers of heterophils.
Attention should be paid to the pelvic visceral structures, the femoral nerve and external iliac vessels anteriorly, and the internal iliac vessels and gluteal branches, sacral plexus and structures exiting the pelvis through the greater sciatic notch posteriorly (Fig. 10).
Another sacral tumour from a 2-year-old boy had a few fine blood vessels with 100% Fer.
Tumor spread takes place primarily via lymphatic vessels, which leads to early metastases in prostate-draining iliac and sacral lymph nodes [ 1].
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