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Both the pudendal nerve and the sacral nerve roots that enter the pelvis from the cephalic side were followed from their origin at the sacral foramina to their termination.
Between the fused transverse processes of the lower sacral vertebrae, on each side, are a series of four openings (sacral foramina); the sacral nerves and blood vessels pass through these openings.
Special attention should be paid for sacral foramina during this procedure.
c Vertical reference line tangential to the medial border of the sacral foramina at S1 (red dashed).
A vertical reference line was then drawn tangential to the most medial point of the sacral foramina (Fig. 2c, g).
When placing ROIs, one horizontal reference line was drawn tangential to the most anterior points of both sacral foramina (Fig. 2a, e).
Similar(42)
We have occasionally seen tumour extensions in the form of thick nodular bands extending towards the sacral neural foramina or lumbosacral nerves.
Additional fluoroscopic images were only obtained before reaching the plane of the ipsilateral sacral neural foramina and at the final guide wire placement to control the position.
Extraosseous cement leakage in the vicinity of neural structures (typically, sacral canal and foramina, and posterior aspect of the acetabulum) and into the hip joint should be avoided [9, 10, 12, 13].
Spinal nerve roots emerge via intervertebral foramina; lumbar and sacral spinal roots, descending for some distance within the subarachnoid space before reaching the appropriate foramina, produce a group of nerve roots at the conus medullaris known as the cauda equina.
Specifically, the "size and number of neural arch foramina" are reduced in dorsal vertebrae 12 and 13, whereas the same are "enhanced" in sacral vertebrae, indicating "two different sources of pneumatization" [33: 253].
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