Some studies combined (and in some cases conflated) intentions to work rurally with actual rural work.
Japanese farming is a picture of inefficiency, and the rural work force is graying.
If Hopper's rural work can be too simple, his city scenes can be fussily overcomplicated, illustrational in a different way.
"Maybe a bit of boredom is the nature of this rural work of ours, but when I arrest suspects and take to court, I do say to myself: " 'Yeah, that's a job well-done'".
During the Khmer Rouge's murderous reign from 1975 to 1979, men, women and children were marched out of their schools and homes all over Cambodia and sent to rural work camps under re-education programmes.
If China's authoritarian leaders have deliberately steered the country's surplus rural work force into urban factories, Indian leaders have done little to promote job opportunities in cities for rural migrants.
In hard economic terms, however, rural work produces very little: agriculture and related industries account for a mere 4% of GDP.By some measures, life in the countryside has improved remarkably in the past decade.
Hepler ("You want to refer to me as 'Jolly Jim' ") said the region has the typical mix of rural work: farming, some small machine and tool-and-die shops, a few tiny coal mines ("they might have two or four or six workers," he said), a smattering of accountants and lawyers, a local bank, and a surprising number of pizza places.
Ms. Ung's father, saying he was an ordinary worker, survived for two years, until one day two soldiers came to the rural work camp where the Ung family was living and told him they needed his help with an ox wagon broken down outside the village.
The Congress strategy, of promoting a rights-based approach to welfare with schemes to deliver rations of grains to two-thirds of Indians, or a guarantee of low-paid rural work for poorer households, for example—appears to have little or no traction.
"We want the rural work ethic," he explains.
