The model then applies the population growth rate every successive year till the last year of the planning horizon, including provisions allowing for a rural community to start up with the rural growth rate and end up with the urban growth rate as its population outgrows the urban-rural threshold.
Fourth, these results suggest that communities portrayed by some as the wealthiest land- and stock-owners in East Africa (Norton-Griffiths and Said 2010) have average incomes far below the dollar-per-day international poverty line and often below national rural poverty thresholds too.
In East Africa, as elsewhere, pastoral areas including many Maasai communities in both Kenya and Tanzania continue to display wide and deep levels of poverty with respect to international and national rural poverty thresholds (Oxfam 2006; Kenya: Thornton et al. 2006, Boone et al. 2011; Tanzania: Tenga et al. 2008).
To be viable in each precinct, a candidate usually needs to receive the support of 15% of those who attend, although in some small rural precincts, the threshold is higher.
The following assumptions were used for the base scenario: 100% electrification rate by 2030, with 2013 being the base year; current pump price of diesel fuel per litre of US$0.96, 1,460-h operation of diesel mini-grid per year; average household demand of 330 kWh per year; a mean inter-household distance of 25 metres and a rural-urban population threshold of 20,000.
Yet Tianzhen county, of which Dingjiayan is a part, is one of just 592 areas that the central government designates as "impoverished".China's official threshold for rural poverty is an annual income of 2,300 yuan ($370) per person.
Under current CON rules, a hospital that is leasing a mobile MRI unit can apply to buy its own MRI unit only if usage exceeds 1,716 scans, the minimum threshold for rural hospitals.
The contribution of goat husbandry and cropping to cover a family's basic necessities (e.g. food, housing, health, education) was evaluated by comparing gross margins with the poverty threshold in rural Mexico which is 15,384 Mexican pesos (MX$1 MX$MX$ = 0.08 USD, source: Banixco [2012]) per year per capita (CONEVAL [2009]).
The authors are currently investigating the role of population thresholds characterising rural and remote communities in order to ascertain which particular core PHC services can be feasibly located in situ and which may need to be provided either on a visiting basis or via the patient travelling to that service in a larger community.
Choosing this size as the threshold that distinguishes rural from urban gives estimates of the proportion of rural volunteers, for all geocoded samples, which range from 0.726 to 0.757, depending on the distance from the urban area.
The increased distance between the patients' home and hospital in rural locations may reduce the threshold for admitting patients.
