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As shown in Figure 4, cells exposed to topotecan gemcitabine combination presented typical apoptotic morphology with cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation and fragmentation, and rupture of cells into debris.
Bladder cancer T24 and J82 cells exposed to pemetrexed, gemcitabine and their combinations presented typical apoptotic morphology with cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation and fragmentation, and rupture of cells into debris.
Similar results were observed with fluorescence microscopy showing that PDAC cells exposed to the NHI compounds, gemcitabine and their combination presented the typical apoptotic morphology with cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation and fragmentation, and rupture of cells into debris (inset in Figure 4F).
There are two major well-known mechanisms through which cryoablation induces cellular damage, death, and necrosis of tissues, that is, the direct rupture of cells caused by intra/extracellular ice crystal formation and the microcirculatory failure which occurs in the thawing period [ 5].
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Arrow in (H): rupture of cell membrane.
Cd binds rapidly to the intra and extra cellular proteins, leading to the rupture of cell membranes and to the stoppage of the cells functions.
However, addition of elicitor decreased the cell growth due to medium acidification (Kang et al. 2006), moderate browning or rupture of cell membrane (Kang et al. 2009) caused by cell-to-cell contact.
Removal of surface impurities, rupture of cell membrane, and exposure of available binding sites for metal biosorption after pretreatment may be the reason for the increase in metal biosorption.
Destructive effects of inhibitory agents against different microorganisms appear greatly causing firstly the rupture of cell wall that lead to the leakage of cytoplasmic contents, and then an observable shrinking of cytoplasmic size will appear.
Ultrasound can induce the collapse of microscopic gas bubbles in the exposed liquid and lead to the rupture of cell membranes, yet it is less effective in killing some microorganisms such as bacteria [40].
Cell contraction and rupture of cell-cell contacts results in gap formation and leak [7], [12] [14].
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