Taking into consideration the run-to-run deviation, the densities of the AlN NWs are quite close to those of the nucleation islands of corresponding aluminization samples.
There was no significant increase or decrease in waggle run deviation in duration with waggle run order within a dance from second to penultimate (Regression analysis, R = 2.9%, p = 0.21) (Fig. 2).
Test runs determined deviation of the model, and goodness-of-fit was tested by determining r values.
Furthermore, we have verified that these same resolution variations are within the run-to-run deviations due to a different random number seed for the initial perturbation.
However, in the presence of a long-run relationship, Granger causality test requires the inclusion of a lagged error correction term within a vector error correction model (VECM) in order to capture the short-run deviations of the series from their long-run equilibrium relationship (Narayan and Smyth 2004; Feridun et al. 2009).
Hence, it seems that short-run deviations from the long-run oriented cost-effectiveness model could indeed be substantial.
The radiography case illustrated that short-run deviations can indeed be very substantial, as incorporating these deviations changed the cost-effectiveness outcome from favorable to unfavorable [ 2].
Incorporating short-run deviations in the cost-effectiveness model might therefore improve trust in the validity and, consequently, the usability of the ICER.
A good example with which to illustrate the occurrence of short-run deviations when introducing a new technology is the conversion from analog screen film mammography (SFM) to digital mammography (FFDM) in the Dutch population-based breast cancer screening program.
All in all, having a framework for CEA that incorporates time and quantifies short-run deviations could help prevent unpleasant surprises, and provide an implementation decision process with more valid cost-effectiveness data.
