The computer business was in its infancy, and programming was bespoke work; typically it involved setting up machines to run calculations one job at a time.
He then seemed to run calculations on a loose sheaf of paper, with an air of martial precision, and delivered his findings: Sharifi and Sayed's futures were bright, but things would get much worse before they got better.
Whereas to run calculations, physicists will need to place different qubits in different states - and control how they couple and interact.
Before these chips came along, the graphics board in a personal computer would store memory and run calculations on separate chips up to a few inches apart.
Volunteers who download the World Community Grid app authorize researchers to run calculations on their devices, running virtual experiments on compounds that could become components in creating an antiviral drug to combat the mosquito-borne virus.
The #OpenZika project allows researchers to run calculations on volunteers' devices without incapacitating the owners' use of them and, to date, without a reported security breach of the owner's data.
In addition to the general challenge of gaining access to a powerful computing environment, very often a high level of technical competence is necessary to set up and run calculations efficiently.
It is increasingly possible for relative newcomers to run calculations and the rapid exponential growth of resources means that a very large number of systems in chemistry and materials science are now computable at acceptable cost.
Some have asked him to run calculations for specific traits.
Here, too, the team was able to run calculations that were not possible in the 90s and mid-2000s, when the academics who first subjected Lott's theory to scrutiny had significantly fewer years' worth of data to crunch.
