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The utilization of OC as ruminants feed is a good way of recycling this by-product.
In many developing countries, there is a gap between available and required ruminants feed.
Therefore, efforts should be done to efficiently use all the available by-products and wastes to decrease the ruminants feed shortage in Egypt (AboSalim and Bendary 2005).
The use of cattle manure as ruminants feed will reduce feeding cost as well as animal waste pollution, and it will also provide nutrients to the animals (Martínez-Avalos et al. 1998; Sarwar et al. 2011).
The present work investigates the bio-conversion of olive cake (OC), generated by the olive oil industries in Egypt, using locally isolated filamentous fungi in solid state fermentation, so as to upgrade its nutritional values and digestibility for its use as ruminants feed.
In some animal groups, the insult may differ with stage of development because food sources, and therefore pollutant exposure patterns, differ e.g. immature ruminants feed on milk while mature animals are herbivorous; similarly, developing poultry derive nutrient from egg yolk while adults have very different food sources.
Similar(54)
Results indicate that amylase from B. licheniformis increases ruminal starch digestion and could be used to improve ruminal starch digestion in ruminants fed diets high in grains with low digestion rates.
Ruminants fed high - grain diets are at a greater risk of developing ruminal or metabolic acidosis, which may severely compromise gastrointestinal function, feed conversion, and the health and welfare of the animal.
Ruminants fed tropical forages usually produce more enteric methane than ruminants fed temperate forages.
Tree foliage is an important source of protein supplement for ruminants fed low protein forages (Long, 1997).
Results suggest that GOS and YC supplementation could reduce methane emission and increase energy retention in ruminants fed diets containing hay and concentrates.
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