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Brazil's current Constitution, ratified in 1988, guarantees sexual equality for women, but many judges have continued to make rulings based on the outdated civil code because Congress was unable, ever since one was first introduced in 1975, to pass a revised statute.
WHAT sort of supreme court issues rulings based on laws that have been repealed?
The founders opted for lifetime appointments of Supreme Court justices precisely so they could issue rulings based on their merits.
Lower-court judges do not need strident dissents to issue rulings based on the breadth of Supreme Court decisions that are broad.
Nevertheless, he says the victory "will embolden lawyers in other countries, where active judiciaries are willing to issue rulings based on constitutional and human rights doctrines".
Expensive litigation strained court resources, while the couple remained vulnerable to subjective rulings based on a judge's particular opinion about what a spouse should put up with in a marriage.
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The Washington Post reported this week that five Somali men convicted on piracy charges in the attack of a Virginia-based ship in the Indian Ocean, are appealing the ruling, based on the logic that "since their high-seas robbery failed, their piracy conviction cannot stand".
The FDA will hear lots of factual arguments on this issue one way and the other, and try to make a ruling based on the science.
They argued that conservatives are instead talking about judges ruling based on politics rather than law.
And she said she had never rendered a ruling based on her personal feelings.
A court in Hainan denied AMSC's request for a ruling based on the evidence, insisting on arbitration instead.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com