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The authors explore what gives rules authority, when and how knowledge becomes relevant (or irrelevant) to policy, and what happens when different actors have conflicting knowledge claims.
Behaviours are controlled by the beliefs, norms, values, and assumptions rather than being restrained by formal rules, authority, and the norms of rational behaviour.
Acas, the official arbitration service, recommends that policies be drawn up in consultation with employees or trade union representatives to give the rules authority and legitimacy.
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The very fact of the usage of a rule by a community for years or centuries is what lends that rule authority and legitimacy.
The capital's newly empowered City Council enacted the ordinance in 1976 as one of its first measures after receiving home-rule authority from Congress.
In 1958 a constitutional amendment authorized Oregon's 36 counties to adopt home-rule charters, and in 1973 a state law granted all counties the power to exercise broad home-rule authority.
The law was one of the first to be passed by the newly empowered District of Columbia in 1973, after it received home rule authority from Congress, where the gun lobby remains strong.
But the Ohio Supreme Court ruled in July 2017 that the law conflicted with cities' home-rule authority that gives them jurisdiction over traffic enforcement.
In February 2011, a Cook County Deputy State's Attorney wrote an advisory opinion that the County Board lacked the home rule authority to limit campaign contributions to the Assessor and that state campaign finance law prevails.
In Illinois, such a system is already in place: the state has the authority to void local taxes, all of which are enacted under municipal home-rule authority and governed by Illinois statute.
The suspension of the home rule authorities raised worries that the I.R.A. would respond by retreating from disarmament discussions that are central to any settlement.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com