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The use of non-metallic rubber electrodes avoids electrochemical polarization (Figure 1).
Anodal tDCS stimulation was performed using a programmable DC stimulator (NeuroConn, Ilmeanu, Germany © ) with 2 rubber electrodes (5x7cm).
Electrical stimulation was delivered to un-anesthetized test animal through a pair of 10-cm diameter electro-conductive and thermo-generative rubber electrodes, which were padded with moist soft cotton cloth.
For MES, the culture plate cover was exchanged with a plate cover slit at the sides designed to accommodate insulated wires bearing a pair of flat rubber electrodes, which were fitted at the walls of the culture plate and in contact with the culture media (Fig. 1A).
Direct muscle stimulation was applied using three carbonized rubber electrodes covered with a thin layer of electrode gel (ECG-EEG Gel; Medigel, Modi'in, Israel).
Ilmenau, Germany) delivered the current to subjects via two conductive rubber electrodes (20 mm × 25 mm) at F3 and F4 attached to the scalp with the same conductive, adhesive wax used for the PSG electrodes (Fig. 1B).
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This approach has been particularly successful and various new applications were demonstrated; conformable optoelectronic modules,[ 20– 22] stretchable sensor arrays,[ 7] and rubber-like electrocardiographic electrode arrays[ 23] are some examples.
The active element of the transducer is a thin silicone-rubber film, with graphite powder electrodes on each side, that forms an array of bubble-like radiating elements.
The electrodes covered with silicon rubber were rotated at 240 rev./min for the uniform modification of the film surface.
The electrodes are covered by rubber sponges and are usually soaked in saline solution to enhance conductivity with the skin (Zaghi et al., 2010).
Especially, when a soft conductive rubber is utilized as the pad electrode, the electrostatic adhesion force suddenly increases as the voltage is gradually increased, probably due to a sudden change of the gap between the electrodes [12].
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