The figures suggest the overall number of under-35s who own their homes has fallen by 280,000 households since 2010, with the drop more marked among those who do routine or manual work, or are unemployed.
Technical innovations are exponentially automating routine manual labour and now cognitive work too.
These researchers also broke out the four quadrants of the work sphere, with routine versus nonroutine work arrayed against cognitive versus manual work.
Levy and Murnane looked back over 50 years of employment in the United States and sorted jobs into five broad categories: routine manual tasks, routine cognitive tasks, non-routine manual tasks, working with new information and solving unstructured problems.
These data were classified according to the Erikson, Goldthorpe, and Portocarero scheme, [ 23] and three categories were created: professionals (top-level management, advanced academic competencies, high level of independence), white-collar (middle management, routine non-manual work), and blue-collar occupations (skilled and unskilled manual work).
While the contribution of routine manual and routine cognitive skills (cognitive skills that can be replaced by computers, such as bookkeeping, clerical work) to the U.S. labor market has declined in the past 50 yr, the contribution of the nonroutine cognitive tasks (those that require critical-thinking and science-process skills) has been on the rise (Autor et al., 2003; Autor and Price, 2013).
Robots won't just take over manual work (indeed, plumbing and gardening will be among the hardest jobs to automate), but also routine legal work (conveyancing and such), medical diagnostics and even surgery.
In particular, regarding routine laboratories with large numbers of ANCA determinations, automated interpretation would overcome shortcomings of IIF such as high level of manual work and exceeding data management [ 13, 16].
Jobs can then be arranged into four boxes: manual routine, manual nonroutine, and so on.
The challenges and satisfactions of manual work.
