These findings suggest that a low level of RsbV-independent σB activity is present at 4°C, which is not seen at 37°C, perhaps suggesting an alternative route pathway for σB activation at low temperatures.
Cumulative exposure refers to past and/or present exposure (including relevant background exposure) of an entity to multiple environmental stressors occurring by all pertinent routes, pathways, and sources.
Model outputs include individual profiles and population statistics for daily dermal loading, mass in the blood compartment, ingested residue via nondietary objects, and mass of eliminated metabolite, as well as contributions from various routes, pathways, and media.
In general, whenever possible, collection of both biologic and environmental measurements are encouraged because together they provide a much more complete picture of media, routes, pathways, and physiologic factors that influence exposures of a child.
The urinary arsenic concentration is commonly recognized as the best indicator of arsenic exposure because it integrates all routes, pathways, and sources of exposure into one biologically relevant measurement.
The process of identifying subpopulations (or ecologic populations) that may experience higher-than-average exposures is more complicated in a cumulative risk assessment because we are concerned with combined exposures to multiple stressors via all relevant routes, pathways, and sources (Ryan et al. 2007; Sexton and Hattis 2007).
Biological systems, either employing plants or microbes, can be a manufacturing route once pathways are delineated, standardized, and scaled up.
The U.S. EPA Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS) model (U.S. EPA 2009a) can track activities minute by minute throughout the day and link these activities to environmental concentrations to estimate exposures by specific route and pathways (Zartarian et al. 2006).
The five routes provided pathways for plants to migrate from tropical islands (Route I), Indochina (Route II), southern China (Route III), northeast China (Route IV) and temperate islands (Route V) to Taiwan (Fig. 2).
The butanol pathway in Clostridium proceeds either via a keto acid route (Ehrlich pathway) or a CoA-dependent route.
