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Figure 17a shows the route establishment delay of the proposed routing method against the conventional routing method.
The spreading codes are distributed within routing protocol control packets at the route establishment phase.
The literature [22] proposed a spectrum-aware cluster-based energy-efficient multimedia (SCEEM) routing protocol for CRSNs, which can support the quality of service (QoS) and energy-efficient routing by limiting the participating nodes in route establishment.
Although the route establishment in AODV-R takes longer than AODV, the established route will be the most reliable one and will be used for a longer time.
However, given that WirelessHART provides little guidance on route discovery and route establishment, this article focuses on the improvements of graph routing to meet demands of industrial applications.
These routing metrics try to involve the expected consequence of the SUs' route establishment to the PUs' communications quality.
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Fig. 10 Experimental screenshot of multi-route path establishment (scene 2) Fig. 11 The energy consumption in the multi-route path strategy (scene 2) Fig. 12 Experimental screenshot of EHTDM routing scheme (scene 1) Fig. 13 The energy consumption of EHTDM routing scheme (scene 1).
As described earlier, 3TCACs provide trusted security and time-related services which enable a rigorous control of the behavior of the malicious entities that are participating in the QoS estimation, the routes establishment and the data transfer.
Besides, the IEEE 802.16j amendments define signalling messages that are used when discovering routes with a predefined QoS level but do not specify an algorithm that manages the routes establishment and maintenance in case of a handover while providing the required QoS level.
In addition, TCP does not have any indication of the route re-establishment duration, because the route re-establishment event after route failures depends on the underlying routing protocol.
ATCP also uses the probe packet to detect route re-establishment and shrinks the cwnd on route re-establishment, which causes a slow down in the traffic and can lead to poor utilization of network resources, especially on long paths.
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