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In this scenario, alternating rounds of adaptation and counter-adaptation would lead to increased rates of positive selection.
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From there, a new round of adaptation brings it close to the target optimum.
Restriction factors and accessory proteins are engaged in an evolutionary "molecular arms race" consisting of multiple rounds of host adaptation, virus counteraction, and host re-adaptation, resulting in accumulation of amino acid changes in restriction factor-accessory protein interaction interfaces (Daugherty and Malik, 2012).
Therefore, the recombinant strain HDY.GUF5 was subjected to several consecutive methodologies for strain improvement: mutagenesis, genome shuffling and selection, followed by multiple rounds of evolutionary adaptation for D-xylose fermentation.
This is indicative of additional rounds of adaptive races between rsp5 R → A ← L and rsp5 C ← L toward better adaptation to the lysine-limited coculture environment.
Otherwise, the decoder continues to perform the next round of matrix adaptation.
Considerable improvement in the rate of D-xylose consumption was observed with each round of evolutionary adaptation.
Second, after four rounds of selection, when adaptation has slowed down considerably, alleles selected in the simultaneous presence of both antibiotics reached resistance levels which are significantly below those of the single antibiotic lines.
We demonstrate grasp adaptation in response to changes in contact, and show successful model reuse and improved adaptation with additional rounds of model refinement.
Consistent with the pattern seen in the MIC trajectories (Fig. 2), the pattern of substitutions also indicates the contingency of adaptation on the antibiotic used in the first round of evolution.
Resistance is part of adaptation.
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