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Surface roughness was studied with the use of a roughness tester.
The superficial roughnesses (Ra) of workpieces were evaluated by using a roughness tester.
Microscopic observations were made by use of both optical and electron microscopes; whereas surface roughness measurements were made by using a TR100 Surface Roughness Tester.
The wear on the tube is examined by the surface roughness tester, which measures the depth, and the contour of the worn surface of the tube.
After the ion-beam irradiation, the surface roughness was reduced from Ra=0.04 μm to Ra=0.02, μm as measured with a high-resolution surface roughness tester.
The microstructures of nickel coating film and wear characteristics were investigated by surface analysis using optical microscope, roughness tester and SEM.
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The hardness, surface roughness and chemical content ratio were analyzed by tribo scope nano-mechanical indentation tester, atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively.
Specimens of control and HA-Zn coated groups were evaluated by a surface roughness profilometer tester (Surftest SJ-210, Mitutoyo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan,) according to ISO 4287-1997 [24] with a diamond tip radius of 5 μm, a scanning speed 0.5 mm/s, a resolution of 0.01 μm, a Gaussian filter, and a cut-off length of 8 mm.
The produced layers were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) including energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), surface roughness and microhardness tester.
Hardness and roughness were evaluated using micro-hardness tester and roughness meter.
Surface roughness was measured with a Hommel Tester T6000 profilometer (Hommelwerke GmbH, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany) using a circular diamond stylus (r = 5 μm, angle 90°).
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