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Moreover, S appears in this case to be a smooth correction factor (≠ 1 in general) with meaningful values which can be used to determine the effective radius and the core volume of the scattering particles (large wavelengths) and give insights into the surface roughness (small wavelengths).
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Analysis of the micrographs and spectra obtained showed that H2 plasma (obtained from a mixture of 10%Ar + 90%H2) treatment developed higher degree of surface roughness, smaller contact angle which leads to better hydrophilic property of the treated surface, and stronger adhesion of the Cu substrate which resulted in higher yields of the synthesized CNTs.
Load penetration curves (n = 1225) were determined per protein sample layer with a thickness of at least 1 μm and a mean surface roughness smaller than 2 nm for a 2.5 × 2.5 μm grid.
Experiments were performed at thin layers of each casted layer with a thickness of at least 1 μm and a mean surface roughness smaller than 2 nm for 2.5 × 2.5 μm grids (Table 1).
This seed layer guaranteed a well-defined orientation and alignment of the grown nanostructures, as well as optical property improvements due to their very low roughness and small particle size.
Also, in the case of low wall roughness and small particle mass loading, reduction of gravity acceleration implies an increase of particle wall collision frequency with the upper wall of the channel affecting greatly the particle mass flux profile.
The internal pore surface roughness is small, which explains the minor effects of AAO surfaces on inducing heterogeneous nucleation especially within the smaller pores.
With higher feed l-leucine concentrations, the surface roughness of small binder particles increased, while their cohesion decreased.
As well as boasting some eerily convincing details – on spending the night with the mermaids, the treasure hunters find that "the only difference between them and our own women was that their skins had the roughness of small shells" – the tale gives us a poignant insight into the medieval Arab obsession with a lost past.
Although the influence of the machining power on the surface roughness was small, a higher machining power was seen to improve the surface finish of austenitic stainless steel 304L.
Whilst the film roughness is small for both the 10- and 20-nm films, it is observed to increase by a factor of two for the 30- to 50-nm film thickness samples.
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