Surface topography is inherently three dimensional; therefore, studies which have employed two-dimensional technologies or used only R a value as a roughness indicator may have not registered the precise characteristics of the surface [34, 37].
Currently, from more road unevenness single-number indicators, the International Roughness Index (IRI) is the most popular.
International Roughness Index (IRI) is an indicator that is widely adopted to classify road roughness condition, which has been used widely for road infrastructure maintenance and monitoring for many decades[2].
However, the presence of some independent systemic/patient-related (i.e. smoking) and local (i.e. residual cement, dimension of the keratinized tissue, surface roughness) risk indicators may increase the probability of the disease occurring [3].
Various indicators like Pavement Condition Index (PCI), Present Serviceability Rating (PSR), Roughness Index (RI), etc. have been commonly used to assign a maintenance strategy for the existing pavements.
Surface roughness, as indicated by rip-lines, was also a useful indicator of the potential for a landscape to retain resources because these rip-lines persisted until vegetation was well established to assume this role.
By employing these techniques, parameters like particle size, roundness, sphericity and roughness, which are indicators of the particle morphology, have been established.
Parameters considered were the quantitative estimates obtained above from the experts, chimney height and diameter, plume emission temperature, particle size and density, topographic indicators (roughness, relief), local weather data, etc.
Traditionally, in materials science, the roughness is an indicator of surface quality and depends on the material processing.
It was found that roughness is an indicator of the coating state that reflects the intrinsic microstructure of the coatings.
