The effects of substrate pre-heat, roughness, spray distance and particle size on the coating roughness and topography were studied.
The geographical variables (elevation, slope, aspect, surface roughness, and distance to the coastline) and a meteorological variable (wind speed) were used for merging precipitation to avoid the artificial spatial autocorrelation resulting from traditional interpolation methods.
In this article, a correlation was established between the electro-cleaning current density and the electro-cleaning surface roughnesses (Rz, distance between the surface peak and valley; Ra, average roughness) of steel wire and finally with the steel wire-rubber adhesion strength.
The optimum parameter set in maximizing the material removal rate and minimizing the surface roughness is standoff distance – 4.22 mm, transverse speed – 223.28 mm/min, and percentage WC – 2.10%.
Parameters used for the description of biofilm morphology in three dimensions are biovolume, volume to surface ratio, average biofilm thickness and distribution, volumes of micro-colonies at the substratum and their fractal dimension, distributions of diffusion distance, roughness coefficient and even more.
Jacob Bock Axelsen and Susanna Manrubia, in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, looked at a number of environmental factors including vegetation, temperature, precipitation, altitude, landscape "roughness", density of rivers, distance from lakes and population density.
Standoff distance, surface roughness, and substrate heating temperature were identified as important process parameters affecting thickness, nanohardness, and the elastic modulus of the coating sample.
The surface roughness value for that distance was then used to determine the average value for all the dies.
Based on the experimental results, the influence rules and mechanism of process parameters, including peening duration, shot diameter, sonotrode amplitude and peening distance, on surface roughness and hydrophilicity of peened pure titanium were studied and the relation between surface roughness and hardness was also analyzed.
Scanning electron microscopy revealed that a short standoff distance, high surface roughness, and high substrate temperatures improved the bond between the coated layers and substrates.
