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The surface roughness contours have been generated from these model equations and are shown of different plots.
Moreover, Ra is a non-deterministic index, which means that different roughness contours processed by different technologies may yield the same Ra.
Studies have shown that the main differences between roughness contours processed by different technologiesbut with the same Ra are the density and regularity of peaks and valleys.
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Ra is the main parameter, and its value is equal to the arithmetical mean deviation; Rl is the auxiliary parameter, and its value is the length of effective roughness contour.
Contour roughness is drawn from the character contour; it reflects the degree of roughness on the character contour and is mainly used for laser and inkjet printer identification.
Contour roughness and average gradient along the contour are used to differentiate between laser-printer and inkjet-printer documents.
During the searching process, we record the coordinates of the contour pixels that are used to compute contour roughness.
A projection is applied on the character contour to transfer the 2-D contour curve to a 1-D vector used to compute the contour roughness.
The character contour roughness of a laser printer is expected to be less than that of an inkjet printer because character contours originated from laser printers are smoother.
Due to these periodic tails or satellites, the character contour is rougher than in laser-printed and copied characters, and the value of contour roughness is higher for inkjet-printed characters.
Contour roughness on the character d.
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