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Surface roughness (0 to 3): 0= smooth surface; 1= slightly rough; 2= rough; no new finish allowed; 3= deep pitted surfaces, irregular fissures.
The first level of roughness (∼1 μm) was obtained by plasma etching of a rough polymer film (PTFE).
"Necessary Roughness" 20. "Blue Chips" 21. "He Got Game" 22 and 23.
The blasting process causes a moderate roughness (1 2 micron) to the implants [33].
t (min) ±1 Phase (hkl) 2θ Intensity (cps) D (nm) ±2 Roughness ±1 D (nm)a rms Rave.
These potential alterations involve up to 55 μm enamel loss [3], increased surface roughness [1, 2], and, therefore, more susceptibility to demineralization and discoloration [4].
Previous studies reported inevitable enamel alterations including enamel loss [3, 31], increased surface roughness [1, 2], and discoloration [32, 33], following orthodontic treatments.
Simulations of both wind tunnel and field study experiments show excellent agreement with the data for windbreaks of varying optical porosity (0 0.7) and upstream roughness (1/30 1/600 of windbreak height).
The inverse solution simultaneously minimizes the L-2 norm of the data misfit and the model roughness: (1 where the first term ǁGm − dǁ2 is the L-2 norm of the data misfit and the second term ε−2ǁLmǁ2 is a measure of the model roughness.
The first method utilized 1-nm germanium [33] and a self-assembled monolayer containing –SH end group [34] as a seed layer, and achieved very smooth (with root-mean-square (RMS) roughness <1 nm) silver and gold film with a thickness of 20 nm.
The polished surface had isotropic low roughness (Ra≈0.01 μm) while the ground surface had anisotropic high roughness (Ra≈0.2μm).
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