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Sand roughness (μm).
average surface roughness (μm).
a-f Surface roughness (μm).
thermal conductivity (W/m K). channel surface roughness (μm).
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Specifically, second order mathematical models are presented for mean average roughness Ra (μm), maximum peak-to-valley roughness Rt (μm) and material removal rate Qm (cm min−1), obtained by means of regression analysis.
The first level of roughness (∼1 μm) was obtained by plasma etching of a rough polymer film (PTFE).
The polished surface had isotropic low roughness (Ra≈0.01 μm) while the ground surface had anisotropic high roughness (Ra≈0.2μm).
All the samples were ground and polished to an average surface roughness Ra≤0.02 μm before any characterizations.
Figure 8 Nucleate pool BHT of TiO 2 -water nanofluids for aluminium heating surface with roughness 0.2 μm at 1 atm [48].
Table 1 The Student t test of the control and coated specimen roughness Ra (μm) Number of specimens Mean ± (SD) Standard error mean F value P value Control 7 0.34 ± (0.06) 0.009*.67 0.009* HA/Zn coated 7 1.09 ± (0.16) 0.16.
It was also observed that the coated surface can cause abrasive wear damage on an uncoated surface if the coating is applied to a surface that has a roughness Rq≥0.5 μm.
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