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By comparison, the fly ash shows more rough particle surface, and was composed of some small particles.
From Fig. 4a we can see that ZD char shows rough particle structure, and there are some holes and fragments on the surface of char particles.
Comparison among the present model, the original smooth particle model and another rough particle model is also carried out.
To achieve this goal, a novel approach to quantify the interfacial forces between a randomly rough particle and membranes with special surface morphology, was developed.
This approach was verified to be feasible to quantify the interfacial forces between a rough particle and a rough flat surface.
Furthermore, an improved QDSSC with a PCE up to 2.74% was obtained by sealed annealing of TNAs, due to the transformation of thin and smooth nanotube to thick and rough particle nanotube.
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This adaptation allows the animal to see and protect its eyes from rough particles while burrowing.
Kinetic theory of granular flow is extended for rough particles.
These include scattering by particles with large size parameters, particles with extreme geometries, cubs, ellipsoids, and rough particles.
Flat wall boundary conditions for rough particles are proposed according to the particle wall collisions.
However, for inelastic and rough particles an anisotropic Maxwellian velocity distribution is obtained.
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