According to the small molecular weight of firefly luciferase, 62 kDa [ 49] and rough estimates of time required for transcription and translation, images collected during the first 10-minutes after an overdose should adequately reflect luciferase made up to the time of imaging, and shorter exposures would provide even more conservative assays of expression.
To investigate this further we estimated the mutation rate per year and per generation in mitochondrial DNA from the level of synonymous divergence at 4-fold degenerate sites, d4, for whole mitochondrial genome sequences from several pairs of animals for which we have well estimated divergence times, and a rough estimate of generation time.
We evaluated each tool based on a rough estimate of its time requirements to provide results for a "standard" restoration analyst (i.e., a Masters-level specialist trained in ecosystem service analysis, including GIS and/or economic valuation).
These studies highlight the importance of a stage in Beringia prior to the peopling of the Americas, and one of them even provided a rough estimate of the time the Native American founder population spent in Beringia using the number of diagnostic substitutions found in Native American mtDNA sub-haplogroups [13].
Seiler [ 17] also proposed a rough estimate of the time of divergence, based on the geographical distribution of the different reproductive types.
The τ value, which reflects the location of the mismatch distribution crest, provides a rough estimate of the time when rapid population expansion started.
We used these data to calibrate a relaxed molecular clock and to determine a rough estimate of the time of infection for each patient.
The ratio of these two quantities thus constitutes a rough estimate of the time separating the species in units of 2 Ne generations.
Indeed, in control cells, a rough estimate of the time needed to close a bleached segment of 3 µm through flows, given a mean velocity of 30 nm/s, is 100 s, which cannot be distinguished from the turnover time.
Using 85 MYA (range 68 MYA to 96 MYA) as a rough estimate of the time of divergence of the Malvales and Brassicales [ 64, 73], along with our observed K s of 1.82 in the PHYA hinge region in this time interval, we can derive a crude estimate of 0.011 substitutions/synonymous-site/million years, and an estimate of the time of PHYA duplication of ~14 MYA.
