We measured isometric shoulder strength of the symptomatic limb for shoulder abduction and internal and external rotation with the Nicholas Manual Muscle tester (Lafayette, USA).
The 95% confidence interval for rotation was less than 5° for intra-tester, test-retest, and inter-tester reliability, and the standard error of measurement for the differences between left and right knees was found to be less than 3°.
Moreover, they do not require the tester to locate the centre of rotation of the knee joint because the relative position of the thigh to the leg determines the knee joint angle.
Drug release studies were performed based on pharmacopeial methods using USP apparatus II Vankel 7000 dissolution tester (Varian Technology Group, Cary, USA), with paddle rotation of 75 rpm, in 900 mL of buffer pH 4.0 at 37.0 ± 0.5°C [ 32, 33].
Isometric shoulder strength for shoulder abduction, internal and external rotation will be measured using the Nicholas Manual Muscle tester (Lafayette, USA).
Hip flexion, extension and abduction will be measured in supine while internal and external rotation will be measured in sitting An instrumented manual muscle tester will be used to measure maximum, normalised isometric strength (peak torque; Nm/kg) of the hip abductor, extensor, flexor and internal and external rotator muscles.
In a prone position, the subject's arm was moved passively to the cessation of movement (firm end-feel) of internal rotation with the arm held in 90 degrees abduction by the tester.
We believe that, despite training of the observers this might still be caused by persistent differences between the testers in the choice of the fulcrum of rotation.
They reported inter-tester ICC values of 0.48 and 0.43 for internal and external rotation, respectively.
The Empty can test was also performed in sitting with the humerus at 90 degrees of forward flexion in the plane of the scapula (approximately 30 degrees of abduction), full shoulder internal rotation with the thumb pointing down while the patient resisted downward pressure applied by the tester to the superior aspect of their distal forearm.
