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Root swelling and Al resistance between different treatments were compared.
a Root swelling phenotype of indica cultivars under Al stress.
Often more than one NFS was observed per root swelling.
Treatment of an Al-intolerant indica variety Kasalath with 20 μM Al induced root swelling.
We also retained mutants without the occurrence of root swelling after exposure to Al.
Fig. 1 Effect of Al and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) on root swelling and root elongation.
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It has been reported that a radical swelling of all cell layers in root tips of Arabidopsis thaliana after 2 weeks of 1% NaCl stress [ 44].
The four different UGE constructs all suppressed the root epidermal swelling and the reduced root length confirming previous UGE complementation results published by Barber et al. [ 9] and demonstrating that the poplar PtUGEc is functional in planta.
At 15 to 21 DAI (Figure 1F-G), it could be evidenced that most root swellings contained multiple nematode feeding sites (NFS) (Figure 1G).
Root swellings resulting from one or multiple galls formed within the rice root system were visible around 4 days after inoculation (DAI), and egg-laying females were observed from approximately 22 DAI, with a majority observed after 28 DAI (Figure 1K-L).
Microscopic examination of the GALT3, GALT6, and to a lesser extent the GALT4 mutants also revealed defective anisotropic root tip growth (i.e., root tip swelling) in the presence of 100 mM NaCl, which was not observed in WT and GALT1 mutants (Additional file 1: Figure S13).
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