Some chrysomelid larvae eat leaves; many others are root feeders.
In general, wood-boring beetles and root feeders have the longest life cycles, while leaf-feeding species have shorter ones.
Other root feeders are young cicadas, certain young cercopids, some cixiid nymphs of the fulgorids, and immature stages of a few leafhoppers.
In my excitement, I failed to notice the shelves of pesticide, insecticide, bags of Supersoil, Wonderbark, perlite, vermiculite, hose attachments, root feeders and bird nets lurking in the background.
Carabids and root feeders did not differ in their δC values.
Spiders were enriched over root feeders on the Clatse River above the falls and on the Neekas below the falls.
However, spiders were not consistently enriched over root feeders at each site and carabid beetles exhibited the lowest δC values.
We also find general evidence for two general trophic levels within the litter-based community at Clatse and Neekas Rivers usually consisting of: 1) root feeders and detritivores (weevils and millipedes) as primary consumers of plant material, and 2) predators (carabid beetles and spiders) that feed on these and other presumed plant feeders within the litter community.
Millipedes, for instance, were often found to be enriched in δN compared to root feeders, a finding that suggests that either weevils (Curculionidae) feed on roots that are somewhat depleted in δN compared to litter, or that millipede detritivores utilize some δN enriched protein food sources such as bacteria in their guts, or both [ 25].
Ghost moths are relatively large moths known for their reduced adult mouth parts and distinctive subterranean larvae, which are root-feeders of grassland soil, meaning they can feed on any parts of a plant.
Mutualistic endophytic fungi (e.g., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) and root-feeders (e.g., root-feeding nematodes) are two of the soil functional groups that interact directly with plants roots.
