One of the root causes is the shifting role of retailers, which have gone from being gatekeepers for big brands to welcoming new brands with open arms.
However, the difference between trading mechanisms is not compared and the role of retailers is not incorporated.
The role of retailers is pivotal in the overall supply chain, but they are seldom approached either by the Programme Administrators or other relevant agencies.
Each Beer Game team is divided into four units of two players each, who play the roles of retailer, wholesaler, distributor, and brewer.
"In the more mature market of today, there is a need to be more nimble given the increasing role of noncarbs, retailer consolidation and the changing competitive landscape," Indra K. Nooyi, PepsiCo's chief executive, said in a call with investors.
However, where its model is different to a pure marketplaces like Alibaba's consumer arm Aliexpress or Wish.com is that the German company still plays the full role of online retailer, with its own warehouses in Europe and China, as well as handling customer service and all the other facets of consumer-facing e-commerce.
In the economic literature, although there are various studies on the efficiency and design of the wholesale electricity market, there is little analytical research on the role of electricity retailers and the effects of retail electricity liberalization.2 As far as we know, the only study on this area is Joskow and Tirole (2006).
The ICG report, outlines the role of US retailers in influencing a change in company labour policies.
With luxury consumption becoming global, digital and experiential, the role of luxury retailers irrevocably shifts from products to services and experiences.
