Bioinformatics tools are available to estimate the relative role of cell population using databases of transcripts enriched in astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes [ 16, 33].
Much of the current information about the role of immune cell populations of the innate response in muscle repair comes from studies on healthy regenerating muscle [ 1, 18– 20].
We will also review the role of different cell populations in this response, particularly the unique role of different macrophage subsets and mast cells.
The absence of Treg induction during Taenia-induced immunomodulation of these autoimmune disease models reinforces the idea that AAMs and iDCs may play a central role in the induction of tolerance, but further investigation is needed to confirm the role of these cell populations in disease regulation [ 12, 15, 78, 79].
Little is known about the role of these cell populations in joint remodeling – some of them may be targets for BMP signaling.
The role of other cell populations present in the BM in the regulation of HSC function is less clear.
Recent work has highlighted the role of innate cell populations in triggering this response: following infection, production of 'alarmin' cytokines (IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP) by epithelial cells stimulates innate lymphoid cells (ILCs, also termed nuocytes) to produce type 2 cytokines, in particular IL-5 and IL-13 [ 12,13,14 ].
The current knowledge and recent advances on the involvement of different innate immune cells in MDs and the emerging role of additional cell populations within the acquired immune response are being discussed in the review article by L. Madaro and M. Bouché.
These include the effect of tumour stroma interaction, immune surveillance, invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis and the role of stem cell populations.
Recent research activities have mainly focused on the role of stem/progenitor cell populations in spheroids [39], [44], reviewed in [45].
