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Second, fluctuations in the responses of rod bipolars were larger than expected from linear summation of the rod inputs.
Linear filters for rod inputs were slower and more biphasic than those for cone inputs, consistent with the differences observed in ON cone bipolar voltage responses.
Neurons in the retinal circuits that read out the rod signals receive input from hundreds or thousands of rods, and those rod inputs are highly amplified to allow detection of the responses produced when a tiny fraction of the rods absorbs a photon.
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Physiological and anatomical experiments indicated that this rod input arose from the AII amacrine cell-mediated rod pathway.
Third, rod input to SBCs may be the substrate for behavioral biases toward perception of blue at mesopic light levels.
In summary, rod input reaches rabbit A-type horizontal cells at night via rod-cone gap junctions, which are opened by the circadian clock in the mammalian retina.
In the day, the clock-induced increase in D2 receptor activation decreases rod-cone coupling, so that rod input to the horizontal cells is minimal.
Moreover, the clock-induced increase in D2 receptor activation during the day decreases rod-cone coupling so that rod input to A-type horizontal cells is minimal.
Considered together, these data are consistent with a clock-controlled increase in rod input to A-type horizontal cells at night.
The slow time course of the responses at night (Figs. 1B, 1D, 3) is consistent with substantial rod input to A-type horizontal cells at night.
The higher sensitivity at night in the low scotopic range indicates that rod input to horizontal cells substantially increases at night, compared to the day.
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