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The relationships may be used for predicting rock residual strength without their destruction by Q-factor measurement.
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Rock cities and ruiniform relief are two different types of rock erosional morphology, typified by the presence of a 'street pattern' in the former and highly weathered surfaces of rock residuals in the latter, although there is some overlap between the two.
The geological structure shows the two layer structure (carbonate rock and residual cohesive soil).
Along the tunnel alignment, all the ground is composed of granite with different weathering grades (from fresh rock to residual soil).
During the excavation, it was found that the frequency of the ground change between hard rock and residual soil is much higher than that expected.
Besides exposures of highly variable dissected metamorphic rocks, flat residual lateritic caps related to a Late Cenozoic planation surface dominate interfluves of the Cuiabana lowlands.
Spectacular rock-cut landscapes consisting of closely spaced residual rock blocks separated by narrow intersecting corridors are variously termed as 'rock cities' and 'ruiniform relief'.
The lateral boundary offered friction and some tension resistance from the limited residual rock bridge on the south side, and the soil adjacent to the rock mass on the north side.
The residual rock and dirt are then dumped or carted down the mountainside into nearby valleys and streams.
Some have even attributed it to rock faults or residual noise left over from the Big Bang.
The method gets completed by combustion (oxidation) of the residual rock recovered after pyrolysis at 850 °C under nitrogen.
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