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In particular, the system must be robust to the evolution of exploiters who usurp the benefit provided by others but fail to provide the return benefit.
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We should however mention that all models inferred the same topology with only slight differences in branches lengths and thus that the results presented below are robust to the choice of an evolution model.
Ignoring the Homoplasy Test due to its inflated false-positive rate, and considering the discrepancies in the LD D′ test with previous studies (White and Gemmell 2009), it is the incompatibility tests that are most robust to the parameters of sequence evolution implemented here, while maintaining low false-positive rates.
We aim to establish a robust phylogeny to study the evolution of this extensive subterranean species radiation, and to provide a temporal framework for the diversification of various lineages and the colonisation of the geographical areas in which they occur.
Results indicated that supplementing non-cotton refuges with refuges of non-Bt cotton would provide a robust strategy to delay the evolution of H. armigera resistance to Bt cotton in West Africa.
With the correction of the level set function by the use of Lagrangian maker particles, the particle level method has been proven to be an accurate and robust scheme to capture the evolution of moving interface [1].
This development may have led to the evolution of a more robust ribcage, a key evolutionary trait of land living creatures.
Through analyses of a large mtDNA matrix using multiple cladistically tested calibrations, alterative tree topologies and several sophisticated relaxed clock methods we have found that the molecular estimates are robust to varying assumptions about the evolution of evolutionary rates and consistent with those from previous studies.
Yet, understanding to which extent species trees are robust recapitulations of the evolution of life and to which extent they depend on method and data set contingencies is challenging.
This method of relative dating does not depend on the assumption of a constant rate of molecular evolution and is thus robust to differences in the rate of evolution in different branches of the tree [ 12].
The equations are discretized in space and time giving a simple and robust algorithm for the evolution of the flow with specified initial conditions.
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