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Efforts to address this issue can benefit from the well-documented fact that in any given cohort, some of the mice (High sensitized; HS) show robust sensitization, while others (Low sensitized; LS) show little, if any, sensitization.
Amphetamine produced robust sensitization when given in association with placement into a distinct test environment.
Most importantly, signaling drug administration by presenting discrete cues was not sufficient to promote the robust sensitization seen when treatments were given in a distinct test environment.
Repeated cocaine administration resulted in robust sensitization that correlated with a significant decrease in the density of c-fos nuclei in all three subdivisions of the medial prefrontal cortex, and two subdivisions of the nucleus accumbens only in animals challenged after a 2-day withdrawal period.
These results confirm that the induction of psychomotor sensitization can be powerfully modulated by environmental context and further establish that, although contextual stimuli associated with a distinct test environment promote robust sensitization, discrete cues that merely predict drug administration do not have this property.
Recently, IL-6 and in particular IL-6 together with its soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) were shown to induce a long-lasting robust sensitization of joint nociceptors for mechanical stimuli which was difficult to reverse, suggesting that IL-6 signalling plays a significant role in the generation and maintenance of arthritic pain.
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These results indicate a robust behavioral sensitization to morphine that appears to be influenced in an orderly manner within a narrow window of the drug exposure conditions.
The experiments reported here were designed to further examine this phenomenon and to test the hypothesis that the ability of a distinct context to promote robust psychomotor sensitization is due to its ability to reliably signal (cue) drug administration.
Using this robust method of sensitization, all pigs in the control group developed severe allergic skin reactions and moderate to severe respiratory responses, similar to asthma, upon dermal or aerosol allergen challenge, respectively.
Despite the absence of CPP in 129S1/SvImJ and DBA/2J mice, these strains exhibited robust acute locomotor and sensitization responses to 20 mg/kg of cocaine.
In a very recent study, Hirth et al. (2013) actually provide good evidence for local nociceptor sensitization that is robust only 21 days after the initial NGF injection in a pig model.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com